English phonetics and phonology

In this course we are using the symbols now most frequently used in British publishing. It would be too long a task to examine other writers’ symbols in detail, but it is worth considering some of the reasons for the differences. One factor is the complication and expense of using special symbols which create problems in typing and printing; it could, for example, be argued that a is a symbol that is found in practically all typefaces whereas æ is unusual, and that the a symbol should be used for the vowel in ‘cat’ instead of æ. Some writers have concentrated on producing a set of phonemic symbols that need the minimum number of special or non-standard symbols. Others have thought it important that the symbols should be as close as possible to the symbols that a phonetician would choose to give a precise indication of sound quality. To use the same example again, referring to the vowel in ‘cat’, it could be argued that if the vowel is noticeably closer than cardinal vowel no. 4 [a], it is more suitable to use the symbol æ, which is usually used to represent a vowel between open-mid and open. There can be disagreements about the most important characteristics of a sound that a symbol should indicate: one example is the vowels of the words ‘bit’ and ‘beat’. Some writers have claimed that the most important difference between them is that the former is short and the latter long, and transcribed the former with i and the latter with i: (the difference being entirely in the length mark); other writers have said that the length (or quantity) difference is less important than the quality difference, and transcribe the vowel of ‘bit’ with the symbol ɪ and that of ‘beat’ with i. Yet another point of view is that quality and quantity are both important and should both be indicated; this point of view results in a transcription using ɪ for ‘bit’ and i:, a symbol different from ɪ both in shape of symbol (suggesting quality difference) and in length mark (indicating quantity difference), for ‘beat’. This is the approach taken in this course.

The Hindu vocabulary

/main-qimg-503d3a74b92aafc9dfc09dcaf6fa1a02.webp1. DISPARATE (ADJECTIVE): (भिन्न): contrasting Synonyms: discordant, diverse Antonyms: agreeing, alike Example Sentence: Anamika made disparate arguments. 2. CUTTING-EDGE (ADJECTIVE): (अत्यधिक उन्नत): highly advanced Synonyms: innovative, pioneering Antonyms: outdated Example Sentence: The firm introduced some cutting-edge technology. 3. CESSATION (NOUN): (ठहराव): abeyance Synonyms: breather, discontinuance Antonyms: activity, continuity Example Sentence: Since the bad weather has caused a temporary building cessation, the office building will not be completed on time. 4. DEFALCATION (NOUN): (गबन): default Synonyms: disaster, failure Antonyms: accomplishment, achievement Example Sentence: Ravi made defalcation in funds. 5. CANDOR (NOUN): (निष्कपटता): frankness Synonyms: directness, fairness Antonyms: dishonesty, unfairness Example Sentence: She has done her task with complete candor. 6. ACQUIT (VERB): (बरी करना): absolve Synonyms: clear, exonerate Antonyms: convict Example Sentence: One was brought to trial on a charge of affray and was acquitted. 7. RECURRENT (ADJECTIVE): (आवर्तक): repeated Synonyms: recurring, repetitive Antonyms: isolated Example Sentence: She had a recurrent dream about falling. 8. MODERATE (VERB): (घटना): abate Synonyms: let up, lessen Antonyms: get up Example Sentence: I shall not moderate my criticism. 9. DESCRIPTIVE (ADJECTIVE): (वर्णनात्मक): illustrative Synonyms: expressive, pictorial Antonyms: undescriptive Example Sentence: The text contains some good descriptive passages. 10. DEARTH (NOUN): (दुर्लभता): lack Synonyms: scarcity, Antonyms: abundance Example Sentence: There was a dearth of evidence.

New words –English_Vocabulary_2021

English_Vocabulary_2021 🔰sunshine shift 💎a period of time worked by an employee of a café or restaurant that can only open outdoors, and which can be cancelled by the employer if the weather is not good enough to attract customers Make space in your Covid dictionary for another new entry: the “sunshine shift”, a post-plague play on the zero-hours contract, in which hospitality workers are guaranteed work only when the sun is out. Sunshine shifts will be a reality for bar and waiting staff working at Liverpool venues owned by Natalie Haywood’s Leaf Group … She is resigned to probably operating at a loss until she can open up indoors.

human cloud 💎the freelance workers located anywhere in the world who are employed to work on individual tasks that can be done on a computer The software tools that allow the gig economy to run are called ‘human cloud platforms’. Employers are beginning to see the human cloud as a new way to get work done. Jobs are divided into projects or tasks within a virtual cloud of willing workers all over the world. 🔰boffice 💎a bed used as a workspace by someone who works from home While the boffice can be used for any kind of work that requires nothing more than a laptop, notebook and phone, it comes into its own for a specific task that requires focus and for which there is a deadline. (Writers need deadlines, even though most of us do our damnedest to avoid them until they are right upon us.)

Story Worksheet

 

Part of Speech Pdf

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_xCj9Z2HdL5swmCH5VjufP8rRzmhcZ5B/view?usp=drivesdk 

The hindu Vocabulary

 #The_Hindu_Vocab

Hindu_Vocabs 

o  Sedition – राजद्रोह

o  Exciting – उत्तेजक

o  Offence – अपराध

o  Predictable – पूर्वानुमेय

o  Rampant – शक्तिशाली

o  Imprisonment – क़ैद, कारावास

o  ill-treatment – दुर्व्यवहार

o  Neighbouring – निकटवर्ती

o  Unwarranted – अनुपयुक्त या अनुचित

o  Instance – उदाहरण, मिसाल

o  Invoking – क़ानून आदि प्रयोग करना

o  Prominent – महत्वपूर्ण

o  Diatribe – जोशीला भाषण देना

o  Vendetta – ख़ानदानी झगड़ा

o  Alleged – आरोपित

o  Alternative – वैकल्पिक,

o  Take up (Phrase) – आरंभ करना,

o  Petition – याचिका, अर्ज़ी

o  Imminent – सन्निकट

o  Stormy – तूफ़ानी

o  Onslaught – प्रचण्ड

o  Extremely – अत्यधिक

o  Weakening – कमज़ोर कर देना

o  Jeopardy – ख़तरा, संकट,

o  Capacities – धारणशक्ति

o  Considerably – काफ़ी अधिक

o  Heralding – संकेत होना

o  Confluence – दो या अधिक वस्तुओं का मेल

o  Warning – चेतावनी

o  Forecasts – भविष्यवाणी करना

o  Wearied – गहरी थकान

o  Furious – बहुत क्रुद्घ

o  Swelled – फुलाना

o  Evacuated – किसी स्थान को छोड़ना

o  Unrelenting – अडिग; टस से मस न होने वाला

o  Impact – परिणाम या प्रभाव

o  Disaster – महाविनाश,

o  Mitigation – घटाव, कटौती